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Surplus value

Find the surplus remaining after variable capital is replaced from newly created value.

Enter your values

Start with the worked example below. Use the same value units and period for both inputs; use a decimal point without commas.

Newly created value (v + s), excluding transferred constant capital.

The value advanced for labour-power, in the same units and period.

Result

Surplus value (s)

90

In the same value units as your inputs.

Step-by-step derivation

  1. 1.Separate newly created value

    N = v + s

    New value replaces variable capital and includes surplus value. Transferred constant capital is excluded.

  2. 2.Subtract variable capital

    s = N − v = 180 − 90

    Deduct the value advanced for labour-power from the new value created.

  3. 3.Read the surplus

    s = 90

    The surplus is expressed in the same value units as the inputs.

Displayed numbers use up to 10 significant figures. Calculations use the full precision of the inputs.

Notes and assumptions

New value replaces variable capital and includes surplus value. Enter newly created value, rather than the gross value of the product: transferred constant capital has already been excluded. Keep both inputs in the same units and period.

This model accepts non-negative amounts and requires new value to cover variable capital. It does not model losses, selling prices, interest, rent, or taxes.

Worked example

Marx's example has a gross product value of 590, including 410 of transferred constant value. That leaves 180 of new value. Replacing 90 of variable capital leaves 90 of surplus value. The reset button restores these example inputs.

Source

Karl Marx, Capital, volume I, chapter 9, section 1: “The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power”. The example and the distinction between gross product value and newly created value appear near the start of the section. Chapter numbering follows this edition.